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Science sources.

Every experiment is based on a published study. We checked the numbers and citations against the original source, and we flag disputed or unreplicated findings on the experiment pages.

EXP. 002 · The first number that comes to mindNumber

  1. Kubovy, M., & Psotka, J. (1976). The predominance of seven and the apparent spontaneity of numerical choices. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2(2), 291–294. ↗
  2. Simon, W. E. (1971). Number and color responses of some college students: Preliminary evidence for a "blue seven phenomenon". Perceptual and Motor Skills, 33(2), 373–374. ↗
  3. Veritasium [D. Muller] (2024, Mart). Why is this number everywhere? [Video]. YouTube. ↗
  4. Knowles, P. L. (1977). The "blue seven" is not a phenomenon. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 45(2), 648–650. ↗
  5. Östling, R., Wang, J. T.-y., Chou, E. Y., & Camerer, C. F. (2011). Testing game theory in the field: Swedish LUPI lottery games. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 3(3), 1–33. ↗
  6. Mehta, J., Starmer, C., & Sugden, R. (1994). The nature of salience: An experimental investigation of pure coordination games. American Economic Review, 84(3), 658–673. ↗

EXP. 003 · Mavi or lacivert?Color perception

  1. Özgen, E., & Davies, I. R. L. (1998). Turkish color terms: Tests of Berlin and Kay's theory of color universals and linguistic relativity. Linguistics, 36(5), 919–956. ↗
  2. Berlin, B., & Kay, P. (1969). Basic color terms: Their universality and evolution. Berkeley: University of California Press. ↗
  3. Winawer, J., Witthoft, N., Frank, M. C., Wu, L., Wade, A. R., & Boroditsky, L. (2007). Russian blues reveal effects of language on color discrimination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(19), 7780–7785. ↗
  4. Özgen, E., & Davies, I. R. L. (2002). Acquisition of categorical color perception: A perceptual learning approach to the linguistic relativity hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131(4), 477–493. ↗
  5. Rätsep, K. (2018). Colour terms in Turkish, Estonian and Russian: How many basic blue terms are there? (Doktora tezi). University of Tartu. ↗
  6. Thierry, G., Athanasopoulos, P., Wiggett, A., Dering, B., & Kuipers, J.-R. (2009). Unconscious effects of language-specific terminology on preattentive color perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(11), 4567–4570. ↗
  7. Chevreul, M. E. (1839). De la loi du contraste simultané des couleurs et de l'assortiment des objets colorés. Paris: Pitois-Levrault. ↗
  8. Lafer-Sousa, R., Hermann, K. L., & Conway, B. R. (2015). Striking individual differences in color perception uncovered by 'the dress' photograph. Current Biology, 25(13), R545–R546. ↗

EXP. 004 · Feel 10 secondsTime perception

  1. Wearden, J. H. (1991). Do humans possess an internal clock with scalar timing properties? Learning and Motivation, 22(1–2), 59–83. ↗
  2. Gibbon, J. (1977). Scalar expectancy theory and Weber's law in animal timing. Psychological Review, 84(3), 279–325. ↗
  3. Grondin, S., Ouellet, B., & Roussel, M.-È. (2004). Benefits and limits of explicit counting for discriminating temporal intervals. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58(1), 1–12. ↗
  4. Rattat, A.-C., & Droit-Volet, S. (2012). What is the best and easiest method of preventing counting in different temporal tasks? Behavior Research Methods, 44(1), 67–80. ↗
  5. Lejeune, H., & Wearden, J. H. (2009). Vierordt's The Experimental Study of the Time Sense (1868) and its legacy. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 21(6), 941–960. ↗
  6. Glasauer, S., & Shi, Z. (2021). The origin of Vierordt's law: The experimental protocol matters. PsyCh Journal, 10(5), 732–741. ↗
  7. Repp, B. H. (2005). Sensorimotor synchronization: A review of the tapping literature. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12(6), 969–992. ↗
  8. Wing, A. M., & Kristofferson, A. B. (1973). Response delays and the timing of discrete motor responses. Perception & Psychophysics, 14(1), 5–12. ↗
  9. Repp, B. H., & Doggett, R. (2007). Tapping to a very slow beat: A comparison of musicians and nonmusicians. Music Perception, 24(4), 367–376. ↗

EXP. 005 · Bouba or kiki?Sound and shape

  1. Köhler, W. (1929). Gestalt psychology. New York: Liveright. ↗
  2. Ramachandran, V. S., & Hubbard, E. M. (2001). Synaesthesia: A window into perception, thought and language. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8(12), 3–34. ↗
  3. Maurer, D., Pathman, T., & Mondloch, C. J. (2006). The shape of boubas: Sound–shape correspondences in toddlers and adults. Developmental Science, 9(3), 316–322. ↗
  4. Ćwiek, A., Fuchs, S., Draxler, C., Asu, E. L., Dediu, D., Hiovain, K., Kawahara, S., Koutalidis, S., Krifka, M., Lippus, P., Lupyan, G., Oh, G. E., Paul, J., Petrone, C., Ridouane, R., Reiter, S., Schümchen, N., Szalontai, Á., Ünal-Logacev, Ö., Zeller, J., Perlman, M., & Winter, B. (2022). The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 377(1841), 20200390. ↗
  5. Styles, S. J., & Gawne, L. (2017). When does maluma/takete fail? Two key failures and a meta-analysis suggest that phonology and phonotactics matter. i-Perception, 8(4), 2041669517724807. ↗
  6. Fort, M., & Schwartz, J.-L. (2022). Resolving the bouba-kiki effect enigma by rooting iconic sound symbolism in physical properties of round and spiky objects. Scientific Reports, 12, 19172. ↗
  7. Köhler, W. (1947). Gestalt psychology: An introduction to new concepts in modern psychology (2. baskı). New York: Liveright. ↗
  8. Sapir, E. (1929). A study in phonetic symbolism. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(3), 225–239. ↗
  9. Nielsen, A., & Rendall, D. (2011). The sound of round: Evaluating the sound-symbolic role of consonants in the classic Takete-Maluma phenomenon. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(2), 115–124. ↗
  10. D'Onofrio, A. (2014). Phonetic detail and dimensionality in sound-shape correspondences: Refining the bouba-kiki paradigm. Language and Speech, 57(3), 367–393. ↗

EXP. 006 · How many candies are in the jar?Estimation

  1. Galton, F. (1907). Vox populi. Nature, 75(1949), 450–451. ↗
  2. Galton, F. (1907). The ballot-box. Nature, 75(1952), 509–510. ↗
  3. Lorenz, J., Rauhut, H., Schweitzer, F., & Helbing, D. (2011). How social influence can undermine the wisdom of crowd effect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(22), 9020–9025. ↗
  4. Kao, A. B., Berdahl, A. M., Hartnett, A. T., Lutz, M. J., Bak-Coleman, J. B., Ioannou, C. C., Giam, X., & Couzin, I. D. (2018). Counteracting estimation bias and social influence to improve the wisdom of crowds. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 15(141), 20180130. ↗
  5. Izard, V., & Dehaene, S. (2008). Calibrating the mental number line. Cognition, 106(3), 1221–1247. ↗
  6. Treynor, J. L. (1987). Market efficiency and the bean jar experiment. Financial Analysts Journal, 43(3), 50–53. ↗
  7. Becker, J., Brackbill, D., & Centola, D. (2017). Network dynamics of social influence in the wisdom of crowds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(26), E5070–E5076. ↗
  8. Yaniv, I., & Kleinberger, E. (2000). Advice taking in decision making: Egocentric discounting and reputation formation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 83(2), 260–281. ↗
  9. Soll, J. B., & Larrick, R. P. (2009). Strategies for revising judgment: How (and how well) people use others' opinions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(3), 780–805. ↗

EXP. 007 · Name the color, not the wordAttention

  1. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643–662. ↗
  2. MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 163–203. ↗
  3. Augustinova, M., Parris, B. A., & Ferrand, L. (2019). The loci of Stroop interference and facilitation effects with manual and vocal responses. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1786. ↗
  4. Crump, M. J. C., McDonnell, J. V., & Gureckis, T. M. (2013). Evaluating Amazon's Mechanical Turk as a tool for experimental behavioral research. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e57410. ↗
  5. Hedge, C., Powell, G., & Sumner, P. (2018). The reliability paradox: Why robust cognitive tasks do not produce reliable individual differences. Behavior Research Methods, 50(3), 1166–1186. ↗
  6. Durgin, F. H. (2000). The reverse Stroop effect. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7(1), 121–125. ↗
  7. Heitz, R. P. (2014). The speed-accuracy tradeoff: History, physiology, methodology, and behavior. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8, 150. ↗

EXP. 008 · How fast are you?Reaction

  1. Donders, F. C. (1969). On the speed of mental processes (W. G. Koster, Trans.). Acta Psychologica, 30, 412–431. (Orijinal çalışma 1868.) ↗
  2. Hick, W. E. (1952). On the rate of gain of information. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4(1), 11–26. ↗
  3. Hyman, R. (1953). Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45(3), 188–196. ↗
  4. Der, G., & Deary, I. J. (2006). Age and sex differences in reaction time in adulthood: Results from the United Kingdom Health and Lifestyle Survey. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 62–73. ↗
  5. Woods, D. L., Wyma, J. M., Yund, E. W., Herron, T. J., & Reed, B. (2015). Factors influencing the latency of simple reaction time. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 131. (Yaşa göre seçimli tepki eğimi: Woods ve ark., 2015, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 193.) ↗
  6. Anwyl-Irvine, A., Dalmaijer, E. S., Hodges, N., & Evershed, J. K. (2021). Realistic precision and accuracy of online experiment platforms, web browsers, and devices. Behavior Research Methods, 53(4), 1407–1425. Ayrıca: Pronk, T., Wiers, R. W., Molenkamp, B., & Murre, J. (2020). Mental chronometry in the pocket? Timing accuracy of web applications on touchscreen and keyboard devices. Behavior Research Methods, 52(3), 1371–1382. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01321-2 ↗
  7. Logan, G. D., & Cowan, W. B. (1984). On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A theory of an act of control. Psychological Review, 91(3), 295–327. ↗
  8. Wessel, J. R. (2018). Prepotent motor activity and inhibitory control demands in different variants of the go/no-go paradigm. Psychophysiology, 55(3), e12871. ↗

EXP. 009 · Heads or tails: can you be random?Randomness

  1. Wagenaar, W. A. (1972). Generation of random sequences by human subjects: A critical survey of literature. Psychological Bulletin, 77(1), 65–72. ↗
  2. Falk, R., & Konold, C. (1997). Making sense of randomness: Implicit encoding as a basis for judgment. Psychological Review, 104(2), 301–318. ↗
  3. Nickerson, R. S. (2002). The production and perception of randomness. Psychological Review, 109(2), 330–357. ↗
  4. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology, 3(3), 430–454. ↗
  5. Gauvrit, N., Zenil, H., Soler-Toscano, F., Delahaye, J.-P., & Brugger, P. (2017). Human behavioral complexity peaks at age 25. PLOS Computational Biology, 13(4), e1005408. ↗
  6. Neuringer, A. (1986). Can people behave “randomly?”: The role of feedback. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115(1), 62–75. ↗
  7. Croson, R., & Sundali, J. (2005). The gambler's fallacy and the hot hand: Empirical data from casinos. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 30(3), 195–209. ↗
  8. Ayton, P., & Fischer, I. (2004). The hot hand fallacy and the gambler's fallacy: Two faces of subjective randomness? Memory & Cognition, 32(8), 1369–1378. ↗
  9. Miller, J. B., & Sanjurjo, A. (2018). Surprised by the hot hand fallacy? A truth in the law of small numbers. Econometrica, 86(6), 2019–2047. ↗

EXP. 010 · Which line is longer?Visual illusion

  1. Müller-Lyer, F. C. (1889). Optische Urtheilstäuschungen. Archiv für Physiologie, Supplement-Band, 263–270. ↗
  2. Segall, M. H., Campbell, D. T., & Herskovits, M. J. (1963). Cultural differences in the perception of geometric illusions. Science, 139(3556), 769–771. (Ayrıntılı rapor: The influence of culture on visual perception. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966.) ↗
  3. Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. ↗
  4. Gregory, R. L. (1963). Distortion of visual space as inappropriate constancy scaling. Nature, 199(4894), 678–680. ↗
  5. Howe, C. Q., & Purves, D. (2005). The Müller-Lyer illusion explained by the statistics of image–source relationships. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(4), 1234–1239. ↗
  6. Amir, D., & Firestone, C. (2025). Is visual perception WEIRD? The Müller-Lyer illusion and the cultural byproduct hypothesis. Psychological Review. Advance online publication. ↗
  7. Bertamini, M., & Wade, N. J. (2023). Mario Ponzo (1928) on perception of numerosity: A translation and commentary. Perception, 52(8), 545–575. ↗
  8. Leibowitz, H., Brislin, R., Perlmutter, L., & Hennessy, R. (1969). Ponzo perspective illusion as a manifestation of space perception. Science, 166(3909), 1174–1176. ↗
  9. Yildiz, G. Y., Sperandio, I., Kettle, C., & Chouinard, P. A. (2022). A review on various explanations of Ponzo-like illusions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 29(2), 293–320. ↗
  10. Roberts, B., Harris, M. G., & Yates, T. A. (2005). The roles of inducer size and distance in the Ebbinghaus illusion (Titchener circles). Perception, 34(7), 847–856. ↗
  11. de Fockert, J., Davidoff, J., Fagot, J., Parron, C., & Goldstein, J. (2007). More accurate size contrast judgments in the Ebbinghaus illusion by a remote culture. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33(3), 738–742. ↗
  12. Aglioti, S., DeSouza, J. F. X., & Goodale, M. A. (1995). Size-contrast illusions deceive the eye but not the hand. Current Biology, 5(6), 679–685. ↗
  13. Franz, V. H., Gegenfurtner, K. R., Bülthoff, H. H., & Fahle, M. (2000). Grasping visual illusions: No evidence for a dissociation between perception and action. Psychological Science, 11(1), 20–25. ↗
  14. Künnapas, T. M. (1957). The vertical-horizontal illusion and the visual field. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53(6), 405–407. ↗
  15. Prinzmetal, W., & Gettleman, L. (1993). Vertical-horizontal illusion: One eye is better than two. Perception & Psychophysics, 53(1), 81–88. ↗
  16. Chouinard, P. A., Peel, H. J., & Landry, O. (2017). Eye-tracking reveals that the strength of the vertical-horizontal illusion increases as the retinal image becomes more stable with fixation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 143. ↗

EXP. 011 · The Linda problemProbability

  1. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1983). Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment. Psychological Review, 90(4), 293–315. ↗
  2. Hertwig, R., & Gigerenzer, G. (1999). The 'conjunction fallacy' revisited: How intelligent inferences look like reasoning errors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 12(4), 275–305. ↗
  3. Mellers, B., Hertwig, R., & Kahneman, D. (2001). Do frequency representations eliminate conjunction effects? An exercise in adversarial collaboration. Psychological Science, 12(4), 269–275. ↗
  4. Charness, G., Karni, E., & Levin, D. (2010). On the conjunction fallacy in probability judgment: New experimental evidence regarding Linda. Games and Economic Behavior, 68(2), 551–556. ↗
  5. Chandrashekar, S. P., Cheng, Y. H., Fong, C. L., Leung, Y. C., Wong, Y. T., Cheng, B. L., & Feldman, G. (2021). Frequency estimation and semantic ambiguity do not eliminate conjunction bias, when it occurs: Replication and extension of Mellers, Hertwig, and Kahneman (2001). Meta-Psychology, 5. ↗
  6. Fiedler, K. (1988). The dependence of the conjunction fallacy on subtle linguistic factors. Psychological Research, 50(2), 123–129. ↗

EXP. 012 · Two frames, one decisionDecision

  1. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458. ↗
  2. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291. ↗
  3. Kühberger, A. (1998). The influence of framing on risky decisions: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 75(1), 23–55. ↗
  4. Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. (1998). All frames are not created equal: A typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76(2), 149–188. ↗
  5. Klein, R. A., Ratliff, K. A., Vianello, M., Adams, R. B., Jr., Bahník, Š., Bernstein, M. J., … Nosek, B. A. (2014). Investigating variation in replicability: A "Many Labs" replication project. Social Psychology, 45(3), 142–152. ↗
  6. Kühberger, A. (2023). A systematic review of risky-choice framing effects. EXCLI Journal, 22, 1012–1031. ↗
  7. Levin, I. P., & Gaeth, G. J. (1988). How consumers are affected by the framing of attribute information before and after consuming the product. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(3), 374–378. ↗
  8. Piñon, A., & Gambara, H. (2005). A meta-analytic review of framing effect: Risky, attribute and goal framing. Psicothema, 17(2), 325–331. ↗
  9. Li, M., & Feldman, G. (2025). Revisiting mental accounting classic paradigms: Replication Registered Report of the problems reviewed in Thaler (1999). Royal Society Open Science, 12(9), 250979. ↗

EXP. 013 · The bat and the ballThinking

  1. Frederick, S. (2005). Cognitive reflection and decision making. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 25–42. ↗
  2. Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2011). The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks. Memory & Cognition, 39(7), 1275–1289. ↗
  3. Brañas-Garza, P., Kujal, P., & Lenkei, B. (2019). Cognitive reflection test: Whom, how, when. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 82, 101455. ↗
  4. Haigh, M. (2016). Has the standard Cognitive Reflection Test become a victim of its own success? Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 12(3), 145–149. ↗
  5. Bialek, M., & Pennycook, G. (2018). The cognitive reflection test is robust to multiple exposures. Behavior Research Methods, 50(5), 1953–1959. ↗
  6. Stagnaro, M. N., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2018). Performance on the Cognitive Reflection Test is stable across time. Judgment and Decision Making, 13(3), 260–267. ↗
  7. Thomson, K. S., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2016). Investigating an alternate form of the cognitive reflection test. Judgment and Decision Making, 11(1), 99–113. ↗

EXP. 014 · Three doorsProbability

  1. Selvin, S. (1975). A problem in probability [Letter to the editor]. The American Statistician, 29(1), 67. ↗
  2. Tierney, J. (1991, July 21). Behind Monty Hall's doors: Puzzle, debate and answer? The New York Times, p. 1. ↗
  3. Krauss, S., & Wang, X. T. (2003). The psychology of the Monty Hall problem: Discovering psychological mechanisms for solving a tenacious brain teaser. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132(1), 3–22. ↗
  4. Herbranson, W. T., & Schroeder, J. (2010). Are birds smarter than mathematicians? Pigeons (Columba livia) perform optimally on a version of the Monty Hall Dilemma. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 124(1), 1–13. ↗
  5. Mazur, J. E., & Kahlbaugh, P. E. (2012). Choice behavior of pigeons (Columba livia), college students, and preschool children (Homo sapiens) in the Monty Hall dilemma. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 126(4), 407–420. ↗
  6. Mueser, P. R., & Granberg, D. (1999). The Monty Hall dilemma revisited: Understanding the interaction of problem definition and decision making (Working paper). University of Missouri-Columbia / EconWPA. ↗
  7. Tubau, E., Aguilar-Lleyda, D., & Johnson, E. D. (2015). Reasoning and choice in the Monty Hall Dilemma (MHD): Implications for improving Bayesian reasoning. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 353. ↗
  8. Chen, W. J., & Wang, J. T. (2020). A modified Monty Hall problem. Theory and Decision, 89(2), 151–156. ↗
  9. Stibel, J. M., Dror, I. E., & Ben-Zeev, T. (2009). The collapsing choice theory: Dissociating choice and judgment in decision making. Theory and Decision, 66(2), 149–179. ↗

EXP. 015 · Would you share?Fairness

  1. Güth, W., Schmittberger, R., & Schwarze, B. (1982). An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 3(4), 367–388. ↗
  2. Oosterbeek, H., Sloof, R., & van de Kuilen, G. (2004). Cultural differences in ultimatum game experiments: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Experimental Economics, 7(2), 171–188. ↗
  3. Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E., Gintis, H., & McElreath, R. (2001). In search of Homo economicus: Behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies. American Economic Review, 91(2), 73–78. ↗
  4. Cameron, L. A. (1999). Raising the stakes in the ultimatum game: Experimental evidence from Indonesia. Economic Inquiry, 37(1), 47–59. ↗
  5. Andersen, S., Ertaç, S., Gneezy, U., Hoffman, M., & List, J. A. (2011). Stakes matter in ultimatum games. American Economic Review, 101(7), 3427–3439. ↗
  6. Sanfey, A. G., Rilling, J. K., Aronson, J. A., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2003). The neural basis of economic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game. Science, 300(5626), 1755–1758. ↗
  7. Forsythe, R., Horowitz, J. L., Savin, N. E., & Sefton, M. (1994). Fairness in simple bargaining experiments. Games and Economic Behavior, 6(3), 347–369. ↗
  8. Engel, C. (2011). Dictator games: A meta study. Experimental Economics, 14(4), 583–610. ↗
  9. Bolton, G. E., Katok, E., & Zwick, R. (1998). Dictator game giving: Rules of fairness versus acts of kindness. International Journal of Game Theory, 27(2), 269–299. ↗

EXP. 016 · Mirror or not?Spatial thinking

  1. Shepard, R. N., & Metzler, J. (1971). Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171(3972), 701–703. ↗
  2. Cooper, L. A., & Shepard, R. N. (1973). Chronometric studies of the rotation of mental images. In W. G. Chase (Ed.), Visual information processing (pp. 75–176). Academic Press. ↗
  3. Quan, C., Li, C., Xue, J., Yue, J., & Zhang, C. (2017). Mirror-normal difference in the late phase of mental rotation: An ERP study. PLOS ONE, 12(9), e0184963. ↗
  4. Voyer, D., Voyer, S., & Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin, 117(2), 250–270. ↗
  5. Voyer, D. (2011). Time limits and gender differences on paper-and-pencil tests of mental rotation: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(2), 267–277. ↗
  6. Uttal, D. H., Meadow, N. G., Tipton, E., Hand, L. L., Alden, A. R., Warren, C., & Newcombe, N. S. (2013). The malleability of spatial skills: A meta-analysis of training studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(2), 352–402. ↗
  7. Cooper, L. A. (1975). Mental rotation of random two-dimensional shapes. Cognitive Psychology, 7(1), 20–43. ↗

EXP. 017 · Two-thirds of the averageStrategy

  1. Keynes, J. M. (1936). The general theory of employment, interest and money (Chapter 12: The state of long-term expectation). Macmillan. ↗
  2. Nagel, R. (1995). Unraveling in guessing games: An experimental study. American Economic Review, 85(5), 1313–1326. ↗
  3. Bosch-Domènech, A., Montalvo, J. G., Nagel, R., & Satorra, A. (2002). One, two, (three), infinity, …: Newspaper and lab beauty-contest experiments. American Economic Review, 92(5), 1687–1701. ↗
  4. Camerer, C. F., Ho, T.-H., & Chong, J.-K. (2004). A cognitive hierarchy model of games. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(3), 861–898. ↗

EXP. 018 · The trust gameTrust

  1. Berg, J., Dickhaut, J., & McCabe, K. (1995). Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games and Economic Behavior, 10(1), 122–142. ↗
  2. Ortmann, A., Fitzgerald, J., & Boeing, C. (2000). Trust, reciprocity, and social history: A re-examination. Experimental Economics, 3(1), 81–100. ↗
  3. Johnson, N. D., & Mislin, A. A. (2011). Trust games: A meta-analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32(5), 865–889. ↗
  4. Cox, J. C. (2004). How to identify trust and reciprocity. Games and Economic Behavior, 46(2), 260–281. ↗
  5. Bohnet, I., Greig, F., Herrmann, B., & Zeckhauser, R. (2008). Betrayal aversion: Evidence from Brazil, China, Oman, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States. American Economic Review, 98(1), 294–310. ↗
  6. Glaeser, E. L., Laibson, D. I., Scheinkman, J. A., & Soutter, C. L. (2000). Measuring trust. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3), 811–846. ↗
  7. Kovacs, R., Dunaiski, M., Galizzi, M. M., Grimalda, G., Hortala-Vallve, R., Murtin, F., & Putterman, L. (2024). The determinants of trust: Findings from large, representative samples in six OECD countries. Economica, 91(364), 1521–1552. ↗

EXP. 019 · The common potCooperation

  1. Ledyard, J. O. (1995). Public goods: A survey of experimental research. In J. H. Kagel & A. E. Roth (Eds.), The handbook of experimental economics (pp. 111–194). Princeton University Press. ↗
  2. Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2000). Cooperation and punishment in public goods experiments. American Economic Review, 90(4), 980–994. ↗
  3. Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2002). Altruistic punishment in humans. Nature, 415(6868), 137–140. ↗
  4. Fischbacher, U., Gächter, S., & Fehr, E. (2001). Are people conditionally cooperative? Evidence from a public goods experiment. Economics Letters, 71(3), 397–404. ↗
  5. Herrmann, B., Thöni, C., & Gächter, S. (2008). Antisocial punishment across societies. Science, 319(5868), 1362–1367. ↗
  6. Fischbacher, U., & Gächter, S. (2010). Social preferences, beliefs, and the dynamics of free riding in public goods experiments. American Economic Review, 100(1), 541–556. ↗

EXP. 020 · The coin-flip betGamble

  1. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291. ↗
  2. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4), 297–323. ↗
  3. Samuelson, P. A. (1963). Risk and uncertainty: A fallacy of large numbers. Scientia, 98, 108–113. ↗
  4. Redelmeier, D. A., & Tversky, A. (1992). On the framing of multiple prospects. Psychological Science, 3(3), 191–193. ↗
  5. Gächter, S., Johnson, E. J., & Herrmann, A. (2022). Individual-level loss aversion in riskless and risky choices. Theory and Decision, 92(3–4), 599–624. ↗
  6. Brown, A. L., Imai, T., Vieider, F. M., & Camerer, C. F. (2024). Meta-analysis of empirical estimates of loss aversion. Journal of Economic Literature, 62(2), 485–516. ↗
  7. Walasek, L., & Stewart, N. (2015). How to make loss aversion disappear and reverse: Tests of the decision by sampling origin of loss aversion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(1), 7–11. ↗

EXP. 021 · Visual memoryMemory

  1. Corsi, P. M. (1972). Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain [Doktora tezi, McGill University]. ↗
  2. Milner, B. (1971). Interhemispheric differences in the localization of psychological processes in man. British Medical Bulletin, 27(3), 272–277. ↗
  3. Berch, D. B., Krikorian, R., & Huha, E. M. (1998). The Corsi block-tapping task: Methodological and theoretical considerations. Brain and Cognition, 38(3), 317–338. ↗
  4. Kessels, R. P. C., van Zandvoort, M. J. E., Postma, A., Kappelle, L. J., & de Haan, E. H. F. (2000). The Corsi Block-Tapping Task: Standardization and normative data. Applied Neuropsychology, 7(4), 252–258. ↗
  5. Kessels, R. P. C., van den Berg, E., Ruis, C., & Brands, A. M. A. (2008). The backward span of the Corsi Block-Tapping Task and its association with the WAIS-III Digit Span. Assessment, 15(4), 426–434. ↗
  6. Brunetti, R., Del Gatto, C., & Delogu, F. (2014). eCorsi: Implementation and testing of the Corsi block-tapping task for digital tablets. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 939. Ayrıca: Claessen, M. H. G., van der Ham, I. J. M., & van Zandvoort, M. J. E. (2015). Computerization of the standard Corsi Block-Tapping Task affects its underlying cognitive concepts: A pilot study. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 22(3), 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2014.892488 ↗
  7. Farrell Pagulayan, K., Busch, R. M., Medina, K. L., Bartok, J. A., & Krikorian, R. (2006). Developmental normative data for the Corsi Block-Tapping task. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(6), 1043–1052. ↗

EXP. 022 · Digit memoryMemory

  1. Jacobs, J. (1887). Experiments on "prehension". Mind, 12(45), 75–79. ↗
  2. Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81–97. ↗
  3. Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 87–114. ↗
  4. Baddeley, A. D., Thomson, N., & Buchanan, M. (1975). Word length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14(6), 575–589. ↗
  5. Ellis, N. C., & Hennelly, R. A. (1980). A bilingual word-length effect: Implications for intelligence testing and the relative ease of mental calculation in Welsh and English. British Journal of Psychology, 71(1), 43–51. Ayrıca: Stigler, J. W., Lee, S.-Y., & Stevenson, H. W. (1986). Digit memory in Chinese and English: Evidence for a temporally limited store. Cognition, 23(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(86)90051-X ↗
  6. Woods, D. L., Kishiyama, M. M., Lund, E. W., Herron, T. J., Edwards, B., Poliva, O., Hink, R. F., & Reed, B. (2011). Improving digit span assessment of short-term verbal memory. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(1), 101–111. ↗
  7. Ericsson, K. A., Chase, W. G., & Faloon, S. (1980). Acquisition of a memory skill. Science, 208(4448), 1181–1182. ↗

EXP. 023 · Spot the changeAttention

  1. Rensink, R. A., O'Regan, J. K., & Clark, J. J. (1997). To see or not to see: The need for attention to perceive changes in scenes. Psychological Science, 8(5), 368–373. ↗
  2. Simons, D. J., & Levin, D. T. (1998). Failure to detect changes to people during a real-world interaction. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5(4), 644–649. ↗
  3. O'Regan, J. K., Rensink, R. A., & Clark, J. J. (1999). Change-blindness as a result of 'mudsplashes'. Nature, 398(6722), 34. ↗
  4. Levin, D. T., Momen, N., Drivdahl, S. B., & Simons, D. J. (2000). Change blindness blindness: The metacognitive error of overestimating change-detection ability. Visual Cognition, 7(1–3), 397–412. ↗
  5. Simons, D. J., & Chabris, C. F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst: Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception, 28(9), 1059–1074. ↗
  6. Simons, D. J., & Rensink, R. A. (2005). Change blindness: Past, present, and future. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(1), 16–20. ↗

EXP. 024 · Find the targetAttention

  1. Treisman, A. M., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12(1), 97–136. ↗
  2. Wolfe, J. M., Cave, K. R., & Franzel, S. L. (1989). Guided search: An alternative to the feature integration model for visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15(3), 419–433. ↗
  3. Wolfe, J. M. (1994). Guided Search 2.0: A revised model of visual search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1(2), 202–238. ↗
  4. Wolfe, J. M. (1998). What can 1 million trials tell us about visual search? Psychological Science, 9(1), 33–39. ↗
  5. Wolfe, J. M., & Horowitz, T. S. (2017). Five factors that guide attention in visual search. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(3), 0058. Ayrıca: Wolfe, J. M., & Horowitz, T. S. (2004). What attributes guide the deployment of visual attention and how do they do it? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(6), 495–501. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1411 ↗
  6. Wolfe, J. M., Horowitz, T. S., & Kenner, N. M. (2005). Rare items often missed in visual searches. Nature, 435(7041), 439–440. ↗
  7. Evans, K. K., Birdwell, R. L., & Wolfe, J. M. (2013). If you don't find it often, you often don't find it: Why some cancers are missed in breast cancer screening. PLoS ONE, 8(5), e64366. ↗

EXP. 025 · How many dots?Number sense

  1. Jevons, W. S. (1871). The power of numerical discrimination. Nature, 3(67), 281–282. ↗
  2. Kaufman, E. L., Lord, M. W., Reese, T. W., & Volkmann, J. (1949). The discrimination of visual number. The American Journal of Psychology, 62(4), 498–525. ↗
  3. Trick, L. M., & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1994). Why are small and large numbers enumerated differently? A limited-capacity preattentive stage in vision. Psychological Review, 101(1), 80–102. ↗
  4. Revkin, S. K., Piazza, M., Izard, V., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2008). Does subitizing reflect numerical estimation? Psychological Science, 19(6), 607–614. ↗
  5. Izard, V., & Dehaene, S. (2008). Calibrating the mental number line. Cognition, 106(3), 1221–1247. ↗
  6. Kılıç, A., & İnan, A. B. (2022). Response bias in numerosity perception at early judgments and systematic underestimation. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 84(1), 188–204. ↗

EXP. 026 · How sure are you?Confidence

  1. Alpert, M., & Raiffa, H. (1982). A progress report on the training of probability assessors. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (pp. 294–305). Cambridge University Press. ↗
  2. Lichtenstein, S., Fischhoff, B., & Phillips, L. D. (1982). Calibration of probabilities: The state of the art to 1980. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (pp. 306–334). Cambridge University Press. ↗
  3. Soll, J. B., & Klayman, J. (2004). Overconfidence in interval estimates. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(2), 299–314. ↗
  4. Moore, D. A., & Healy, P. J. (2008). The trouble with overconfidence. Psychological Review, 115(2), 502–517. ↗
  5. Haran, U., Moore, D. A., & Morewedge, C. K. (2010). A simple remedy for overprecision in judgment. Judgment and Decision Making, 5(7), 467–476. ↗
  6. Moore, D. A., Tenney, E. R., & Haran, U. (2015). Overprecision in judgment. In G. Keren & G. Wu (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making (pp. 182–209). Wiley. ↗

EXP. 027 · Four cardsLogic

  1. Wason, P. C. (1968). Reasoning about a rule. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20(3), 273–281. ↗
  2. Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Wason, P. C. (1970). A theoretical analysis of insight into a reasoning task. Cognitive Psychology, 1(2), 134–148. ↗
  3. Griggs, R. A., & Cox, J. R. (1982). The elusive thematic-materials effect in Wason's selection task. British Journal of Psychology, 73(3), 407–420. ↗
  4. Cosmides, L. (1989). The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. Cognition, 31(3), 187–276. ↗
  5. Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1998). Cognitive ability and variation in selection task performance. Thinking & Reasoning, 4(3), 193–230. ↗
  6. Ragni, M., Kola, I., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2018). On selecting evidence to test hypotheses: A theory of selection tasks. Psychological Bulletin, 144(8), 779–796. ↗
  7. Ragni, M., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2020). Explanation or modeling: A reply to Kellen and Klauer. Computational Brain & Behavior, 3(3), 354–361. ↗

EXP. 028 · The wheel and the guessDecision

  1. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131. ↗
  2. Jacowitz, K. E., & Kahneman, D. (1995). Measures of anchoring in estimation tasks. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(11), 1161–1166. ↗
  3. Strack, F., & Mussweiler, T. (1997). Explaining the enigmatic anchoring effect: Mechanisms of selective accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(3), 437–446. ↗
  4. Englich, B., Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (2006). Playing dice with criminal sentences: The influence of irrelevant anchors on experts' judicial decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(2), 188–200. ↗
  5. Klein, R. A., Ratliff, K. A., Vianello, M., Adams, R. B., Jr., Bahník, Š., Bernstein, M. J., ... Nosek, B. A. (2014). Investigating variation in replicability: A “many labs” replication project. Social Psychology, 45(3), 142–152. ↗
  6. Furnham, A., & Boo, H. C. (2011). A literature review of the anchoring effect. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 40(1), 35–42. ↗

EXP. 029 · How many people are like you?Social perception

  1. Ross, L., Greene, D., & House, P. (1977). The “false consensus effect”: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13(3), 279–301. ↗
  2. Mullen, B., Atkins, J. L., Champion, D. S., Edwards, C., Hardy, D., Story, J. E., & Vanderklok, M. (1985). The false consensus effect: A meta-analysis of 115 hypothesis tests. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21(3), 262–283. ↗
  3. Marks, G., & Miller, N. (1987). Ten years of research on the false-consensus effect: An empirical and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 102(1), 72–90. ↗
  4. Dawes, R. M. (1989). Statistical criteria for establishing a truly false consensus effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25(1), 1–17. ↗
  5. Krueger, J., & Clement, R. W. (1994). The truly false consensus effect: An ineradicable and egocentric bias in social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 596–610. ↗
  6. Engelmann, D., & Strobel, M. (2000). The false consensus effect disappears if representative information and monetary incentives are given. Experimental Economics, 3(3), 241–260. ↗

EXP. 030 · Now or later?Patience

  1. Thaler, R. (1981). Some empirical evidence on dynamic inconsistency. Economics Letters, 8(3), 201–207. ↗
  2. Kirby, K. N., & Maraković, N. N. (1996). Delay-discounting probabilistic rewards: Rates decrease as amounts increase. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3(1), 100–104. ↗
  3. Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M., & Bickel, W. K. (1999). Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128(1), 78–87. ↗
  4. Frederick, S., Loewenstein, G., & O'Donoghue, T. (2002). Time discounting and time preference: A critical review. Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 351–401. ↗
  5. Laibson, D. (1997). Golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 443–478. ↗
  6. Johnson, M. W., & Bickel, W. K. (2002). Within-subject comparison of real and hypothetical money rewards in delay discounting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 77(2), 129–146. ↗
  7. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası. (t.y.). Tüketici fiyatları [Veri tablosu; kaynak: TÜİK]. 3 Ekim 2026 tarihinde erişildi. ↗

EXP. 031 · The minority gameGroup game

  1. Arthur, W. B. (1994). Inductive reasoning and bounded rationality. American Economic Review, 84(2), 406–411. ↗
  2. Challet, D., & Zhang, Y.-C. (1997). Emergence of cooperation and organization in an evolutionary game. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 246(3–4), 407–418. ↗
  3. Savit, R., Manuca, R., & Riolo, R. (1999). Adaptive competition, market efficiency, and phase transitions. Physical Review Letters, 82(10), 2203–2206. ↗
  4. Bottazzi, G., & Devetag, G. (2003). A laboratory experiment on the minority game. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 324(1–2), 124–132. ↗
  5. Płatkowski, T., & Ramsza, M. (2003). Playing minority game. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 323, 726–734. ↗
  6. Challet, D., Marsili, M., & Zhang, Y.-C. (2004). Minority games: Interacting agents in financial markets. Oxford University Press. ↗
  7. Arechar, A. A., Gächter, S., & Molleman, L. (2018). Conducting interactive experiments online. Experimental Economics, 21(1), 99–131. ↗

EXP. 032 · Meeting pointGroup game

  1. Schelling, T. C. (1960). The strategy of conflict. Harvard University Press. ↗
  2. Mehta, J., Starmer, C., & Sugden, R. (1994). The nature of salience: An experimental investigation of pure coordination games. American Economic Review, 84(3), 658–673. ↗
  3. Bardsley, N., Mehta, J., Starmer, C., & Sugden, R. (2010). Explaining focal points: Cognitive hierarchy theory versus team reasoning. The Economic Journal, 120(543), 40–79. ↗
  4. Crawford, V. P., Gneezy, U., & Rottenstreich, Y. (2008). The power of focal points is limited: Even minute payoff asymmetry may yield large coordination failures. American Economic Review, 98(4), 1443–1458. ↗
  5. Arechar, A. A., Gächter, S., & Molleman, L. (2018). Conducting interactive experiments online. Experimental Economics, 21(1), 99–131. ↗

EXP. 033 · Volunteer's dilemmaGroup game

  1. Diekmann, A. (1985). Volunteer's dilemma. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 29(4), 605–610. ↗
  2. Darley, J. M., & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4, Pt. 1), 377–383. ↗
  3. Fischer, P., Krueger, J. I., Greitemeyer, T., Vogrincic, C., Kastenmüller, A., Frey, D., Heene, M., Wicher, M., & Kainbacher, M. (2011). The bystander-effect: A meta-analytic review on bystander intervention in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 517–537. ↗
  4. Goeree, J. K., Holt, C. A., & Smith, A. M. (2017). An experimental examination of the volunteer's dilemma. Games and Economic Behavior, 102, 303–315. ↗
  5. Otsubo, H., & Rapoport, A. (2008). Dynamic volunteer's dilemmas over a finite horizon: An experimental study. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52(6), 961–984. ↗
  6. Manning, R., Levine, M., & Collins, A. (2007). The Kitty Genovese murder and the social psychology of helping: The parable of the 38 witnesses. American Psychologist, 62(6), 555–562. ↗
  7. Arechar, A. A., Gächter, S., & Molleman, L. (2018). Conducting interactive experiments online. Experimental Economics, 21(1), 99–131. ↗

EXP. 034 · The big counterGroup game

  1. Néda, Z., Ravasz, E., Brechet, Y., Vicsek, T., & Barabási, A.-L. (2000). The sound of many hands clapping. Nature, 403(6772), 849–850. ↗
  2. Stivers, T., Enfield, N. J., Brown, P., Englert, C., Hayashi, M., Heinemann, T., Hoymann, G., Rossano, F., de Ruiter, J. P., Yoon, K.-E., & Levinson, S. C. (2009). Universals and cultural variation in turn-taking in conversation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(26), 10587–10592. ↗
  3. Kearns, M., Suri, S., & Montfort, N. (2006). An experimental study of the coloring problem on human subject networks. Science, 313(5788), 824–827. ↗
  4. Couzin, I. D., Krause, J., Franks, N. R., & Levin, S. A. (2005). Effective leadership and decision-making in animal groups on the move. Nature, 433(7025), 513–516. ↗
  5. Abramson, N. (1970). The ALOHA system: Another alternative for computer communications. In Proceedings of the November 17–19, 1970, Fall Joint Computer Conference (AFIPS '70 Fall) (pp. 281–285). ACM. ↗
  6. Arechar, A. A., Gächter, S., & Molleman, L. (2018). Conducting interactive experiments online. Experimental Economics, 21(1), 99–131. ↗

EXP. 035 · Live crowdGroup game

  1. Galton, F. (1907). Vox populi. Nature, 75(1949), 450–451. ↗
  2. Lorenz, J., Rauhut, H., Schweitzer, F., & Helbing, D. (2011). How social influence can undermine the wisdom of crowd effect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(22), 9020–9025. ↗
  3. Becker, J., Brackbill, D., & Centola, D. (2017). Network dynamics of social influence in the wisdom of crowds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(26), E5070–E5076. ↗
  4. Surowiecki, J. (2004). The wisdom of crowds. Doubleday. ↗
  5. Kao, A. B., Berdahl, A. M., Hartnett, A. T., Lutz, M. J., Bak-Coleman, J. B., Ioannou, C. C., Giam, X., & Couzin, I. D. (2018). Counteracting estimation bias and social influence to improve the wisdom of crowds. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 15(141), 20180130. ↗

EXP. 036 · Find the odd shadeColor perception

  1. MacAdam, D. L. (1942). Visual sensitivities to color differences in daylight. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 32(5), 247–274. ↗
  2. Mahy, M., Van Eycken, L., & Oosterlinck, A. (1994). Evaluation of uniform color spaces developed after the adoption of CIELAB and CIELUV. Color Research & Application, 19(2), 105–121. Ayrıca: Sharma, G., & Trussell, H. J. (1997). Digital color imaging. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6(7), 901–932. https://doi.org/10.1109/83.597268 ↗
  3. Levitt, H. (1971). Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 49(2B), 467–477. ↗
  4. Farnsworth, D. (1943). The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue and dichotomous tests for color vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 33(10), 568–578. ↗
  5. Birch, J. (2012). Worldwide prevalence of red-green color deficiency. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 29(3), 313–320. ↗

EXP. 037 · Match the pitchHearing

  1. Wier, C. C., Jesteadt, W., & Green, D. M. (1977). Frequency discrimination as a function of frequency and sensation level. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 61(1), 178–184. ↗
  2. Micheyl, C., Xiao, L., & Oxenham, A. J. (2012). Characterizing the dependence of pure-tone frequency difference limens on frequency, duration, and level. Hearing Research, 292(1–2), 1–13. ↗
  3. Micheyl, C., Delhommeau, K., Perrot, X., & Oxenham, A. J. (2006). Influence of musical and psychoacoustical training on pitch discrimination. Hearing Research, 219(1–2), 36–47. ↗
  4. Hutchins, S., & Peretz, I. (2012). A frog in your throat or in your ear? Searching for the causes of poor singing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 76–97. ↗
  5. Peretz, I., & Vuvan, D. T. (2017). Prevalence of congenital amusia. European Journal of Human Genetics, 25(5), 625–630. ↗
  6. Levitt, H. (1971). Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 49(2B), 467–477. ↗
  7. Hollingworth, H. L. (1910). The central tendency of judgment. The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, 7(17), 461–469. ↗

EXP. 038 · Remember the colorColor memory

  1. Newhall, S. M., Burnham, R. W., & Clark, J. R. (1957). Comparison of successive with simultaneous color matching. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 47(1), 43–56. ↗
  2. Bartleson, C. J. (1960). Memory colors of familiar objects. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 50(1), 73–77. ↗
  3. Bae, G.-Y., Olkkonen, M., Allred, S. R., & Flombaum, J. I. (2015). Why some colors appear more memorable than others: A model combining categories and particulars in color working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(4), 744–763. ↗
  4. Olkkonen, M., McCarthy, P. F., & Allred, S. R. (2014). The central tendency bias in color perception: Effects of internal and external noise. Journal of Vision, 14(11), 5. ↗
  5. Hansen, T., Olkkonen, M., Walter, S., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2006). Memory modulates color appearance. Nature Neuroscience, 9(11), 1367–1368. ↗
  6. Mahy, M., Van Eycken, L., & Oosterlinck, A. (1994). Evaluation of uniform color spaces developed after the adoption of CIELAB and CIELUV. Color Research & Application, 19(2), 105–121. Ayrıca: Sharma, G., & Trussell, H. J. (1997). Digital color imaging. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6(7), 901–932. https://doi.org/10.1109/83.597268 ↗
  7. Luo, M. R., Cui, G., & Rigg, B. (2001). The development of the CIE 2000 colour-difference formula: CIEDE2000. Color Research & Application, 26(5), 340–350. ↗
  8. Sharma, G., Wu, W., & Dalal, E. N. (2005). The CIEDE2000 color-difference formula: Implementation notes, supplementary test data, and mathematical observations. Color Research & Application, 30(1), 21–30. ↗

EXP. 039 · Hold the timeTime perception

  1. Vierordt, K. (1868). Der Zeitsinn nach Versuchen. Tübingen: H. Laupp. ↗
  2. Lejeune, H., & Wearden, J. H. (2009). Vierordt's The Experimental Study of the Time Sense (1868) and its legacy. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 21(6), 941–960. ↗
  3. Hollingworth, H. L. (1910). The central tendency of judgment. The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, 7(17), 461–469. ↗
  4. Jazayeri, M., & Shadlen, M. N. (2010). Temporal context calibrates interval timing. Nature Neuroscience, 13(8), 1020–1026. ↗
  5. Gibbon, J. (1977). Scalar expectancy theory and Weber's law in animal timing. Psychological Review, 84(3), 279–325. ↗
  6. Grondin, S., Meilleur-Wells, G., & Lachance, R. (1999). When to start explicit counting in a time-intervals discrimination task: A critical point in the timing process of humans. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25(4), 993–1004. ↗
  7. Glasauer, S., & Shi, Z. (2021). The origin of Vierordt's law: The experimental protocol matters. PsyCh Journal, 10(5), 732–741. Ön baskı: Glasauer, S., & Shi, Z. (2018). 150 years of research on Vierordt's law – Fechner's fault? bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/450726 ↗
  8. Wearden, J. H., & Lejeune, H. (2008). Scalar properties in human timing: Conformity and violations. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(4), 569–587. ↗

EXP. 040 · Rebuild the shapeVisual memory

  1. Appelle, S. (1972). Perception and discrimination as a function of stimulus orientation: The "oblique effect" in man and animals. Psychological Bulletin, 78(4), 266–278. ↗
  2. Wei, X.-X., & Stocker, A. A. (2015). A Bayesian observer model constrained by efficient coding can explain 'anti-Bayesian' percepts. Nature Neuroscience, 18(10), 1509–1517. ↗
  3. Hollingworth, H. L. (1910). The central tendency of judgment. The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, 7(17), 461–469. ↗
  4. Huttenlocher, J., Hedges, L. V., & Duncan, S. (1991). Categories and particulars: Prototype effects in estimating spatial location. Psychological Review, 98(3), 352–376. ↗
  5. Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., & Alvarez, G. A. (2011). A review of visual memory capacity: Beyond individual items and toward structured representations. Journal of Vision, 11(5), 4. ↗
  6. Shepard, R. N., & Metzler, J. (1971). Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171(3972), 701–703. ↗

EXP. 041 · Remember the spotLocation memory

  1. Huttenlocher, J., Hedges, L. V., & Duncan, S. (1991). Categories and particulars: Prototype effects in estimating spatial location. Psychological Review, 98(3), 352–376. ↗
  2. Huttenlocher, J., Hedges, L. V., Corrigan, B., & Crawford, L. E. (2004). Spatial categories and the estimation of location. Cognition, 93(2), 75–97. ↗
  3. Wedell, D. H., Fitting, S., & Allen, G. L. (2007). Shape effects on memory for location. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(4), 681–686. ↗
  4. Bays, P. M., & Husain, M. (2008). Dynamic shifts of limited working memory resources in human vision. Science, 321(5890), 851–854. ↗
  5. Gorgoraptis, N., Catalao, R. F. G., Bays, P. M., & Husain, M. (2011). Dynamic updating of working memory resources for visual objects. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(23), 8502–8511. ↗
  6. Smyth, M. M., & Scholey, K. A. (1996). Serial order in spatial immediate memory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 49(1), 159–177. ↗

EXP. 042 · Fix the patternVisual memory

  1. Phillips, W. A. (1974). On the distinction between sensory storage and short-term visual memory. Perception & Psychophysics, 16(2), 283–290. ↗
  2. Luck, S. J., & Vogel, E. K. (1997). The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions. Nature, 390(6657), 279–281. ↗
  3. Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 87–114. ↗
  4. Wheeler, M. E., & Treisman, A. M. (2002). Binding in short-term visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131(1), 48–64. ↗
  5. Johnson, J. S., Hollingworth, A., & Luck, S. J. (2008). The role of attention in the maintenance of feature bindings in visual short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34(1), 41–55. ↗
  6. Rensink, R. A., O'Regan, J. K., & Clark, J. J. (1997). To see or not to see: The need for attention to perceive changes in scenes. Psychological Science, 8(5), 368–373. ↗

EXP. 043 · The color of the crowdCrowd perception

  1. Ariely, D. (2001). Seeing sets: Representation by statistical properties. Psychological Science, 12(2), 157–162. ↗
  2. Haberman, J., & Whitney, D. (2007). Rapid extraction of mean emotion and gender from sets of faces. Current Biology, 17(17), R751–R753. ↗
  3. Whitney, D., & Yamanashi Leib, A. (2018). Ensemble perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 105–129. ↗
  4. Webster, J., Kay, P., & Webster, M. A. (2014). Perceiving the average hue of color arrays. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 31(4), A283–A292. ↗
  5. Maule, J., & Franklin, A. (2015). Effects of ensemble complexity and perceptual similarity on rapid averaging of hue. Journal of Vision, 15(4), 6. ↗
  6. Brady, T. F., & Alvarez, G. A. (2011). Hierarchical encoding in visual working memory: Ensemble statistics bias memory for individual items. Psychological Science, 22(3), 384–392. ↗
  7. Papenmeier, F., & Timm, J. D. (2021). Do group ensemble statistics bias visual working memory for individual items? A registered replication of Brady and Alvarez (2011). Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 83(3), 1329–1336. ↗